Critical Analisis about Kate Chopin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Analisis about Kate Chopin - Essay Example The unique feature of Chopin’s work was her attitude of boldness and novelty in her writing. After her marriage, Chopin adopted a Creole nature to her work. She later entered a family life and gave birth to six children during her course of married life. Later, due to her husband’s death and debt issues she became little disturbed and depressed. Chopin in coming years had to look after the business and estate of her husband which inflicted her with depression. Later for living needs, Kate started her profession of writing. Biography of Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was born as daughter of Eliza and Thomas O’Flahertry in St.Louis in 1850. Kate Chopin had two sisters and two brothers, and all of them did not live longer than their adulthood. She was the only child who completed her 25 years of age among the children. She was sent to The Sacred Academy, a Catholic boarding school in 1855 when she was five and half years of age. Two months after her admission in school her father was killed in a train accident. Later she lived with her mother, grandmother and great grandmother. However, all these women were of single status as they were widows. It was her great grandmother who introduced Kate into the field of art where she was trained to speak French and play music. Since Kate lived surrounded by single and bold women she herself has a versatile personality. Later she returns to the Sacred Academy School and attained first position in her studies. She also won medals and was invited into be the member of the elite Children of Mary Society .During this period she developed a habit of dairy writing, and this could be taken as a first step in writing habit. Kate married at the age of twenty to Oscar Chopin and bore six children from the marriage. In 1882, Oscar died of a swamp fever and later Kate had to take over her husband’s business. It was to support her children and family that she started to write. Articles and response The first article which I have chosen is â€Å"Kate Chopin: In Search of Freedom,† written by Floramaria Deter. Here the author is writing about the sense of freedom desired by Kate Chopin. for the women in the 19th century. According to the author, Kate was different from other feminist writer because she understood the plight of women of her century and wanted freedom for women on all platforms such as education, politics and professional .The second article is â€Å"This American Story: Kate Chopin, the First Feminist† by Joseph F.Cotto. Cotto describes that Kate Chopin was a women far ahead of times. She presented the boldness, intelligence and unique personality unlike other feminist writers as she was involved in all field of human activity. She was a responsible housewife, mother to six children, a businesswoman and a creative writer. The author gives the message here that at a young age she married, looked after a business, and became a writer which was outstanding for women of that period. The third article is a brief one named â€Å"Kate Chopin† and gives an insight into the life of Kate Chopin .This article is a short one, but looks at Kate Chopin’s life from a different dimension. The critical point of Kate’s personality is depicted in this article which suggests that she was a fallen woman because she demanded for a higher position for

Social Cultural and Economic Context of Zimbabwe Essay Example for Free

Social Cultural and Economic Context of Zimbabwe Essay The fall of the Ian Smith led Rhodesian government led to Zimbabwe gaining its independence in 1980. The ZANU PF government led by then Prime Minister Mugabe of the ZANU PF party embraced a policy of national reconciliation between races in order to encourage amity, nation-building and economic growth between the country’s white minority and black majority racial groups. This lead to a period of growth throughout the 1980s, the economy performed extremely well, which led the Central government expenditure to triple and increase its share from 32. % of GDP in 1979 to 44. 6% in 1989(Hazzlewood, 1967:284). Having inherited a socially skewed system of allocation of resources from its predecessor, the ZANU PF government began to rectify this distribution of resources from the mainly white domiciled areas in the urban areas and commercial farms to rural parts of Zimbabwe focusing on provision of clean water (Transitional National Development Plan, pp. 61-62), and providing educational resources in areas where prior to independence there had been none (International Education Journal, 2005, 6(1), 65-74 Gibbs Y.  Kanyongo). However towards the end of the 80’s the growth experienced shortly after independence waned and by the early 90’s Zimbabwe fell into an economic crisis forcing it to implement IMF and World Bank proposed Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) which was designed to lure investors into the country and remove any limitations on growth on the country. This policy forced the government to create a free market place in which the government’s reach would be miniscule and market forces would rule the day (Dansereau, ‘Between a Rock and a Hard Place’, p. 3). This policy eroded what little socio-economic gains that had been made in the first decade of the newly independent state (L. Sachikonye, ‘Whither Zimbabwe? Crisis and Democratisation) by introducing government spending on the socialist policies such as free education and projects with the intention of improving the infrastructure of the country to those habitant in the rural areas of the country who had been neglected by the former colonial government. This was followed by the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) included among other things, removal of price and wage controls, reduction of government expenditure, a 40 per cent devaluation of Zimbabwean Dollar, removal of subsidies on basic consumer goods, a radical restructuring of various parastatals and other public enterprises (Sichone, 2003:1). SAPs also coincided with the years of drought (1992, 1993, 1995) which put a heavy burden on an economy that was mainly reliant on commercial agriculture through its export of teas, cotton and tobacco. This already fragile economy was later shattered by the war veterans unbudgeted pay outs in 1997 which culminated in what is widely referred to as â€Å"Black Friday†14th of November 2007(L. Mambondiani :newzimbabwe. com). Already reeling the economy took another hit via the chaotic fast-track land reform that took place in 2000 which led to the United States freezing lines of credit by means of the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001. This land reform led to vastly inexperienced persons receiving large tracts of farmland with virtually no experience which resulted in a substantial decrease in agricultural yields (Dancaescu, Nick.  Note. Land reform in Zimbabwe. 15 Fla. J. Intl L. 615 (2003). This led to an enormous decline in agricultural production which in turn led to chronic food shortages which were borne by the people of Zimbabwe. This further compounded by underperforming state owned enterprises whose debt obligations were undertaken by the government. This led to rampant inflation which by 2008 had reached +11 000 000 per cent July leading to the rebasing of the currency by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe by removing 3 zeros and issuing new bearer checks which did nothing to alleviate the situation as the zeros quickly reappeared . On top of all this Zimbabwe also had a spiralling external debt amounting to US$3 968 million. With the harmonized elections of 2008 which resulted in the formation of the Government of National Unity (GNU) there was the complete abandonment of the Zimbabwean dollar and the adoption of the multi-currency (South African Rand, Tswana Pula and the US Dollar). This led to some growth which although was very small was a positive change as compared to what Zimbabwe had experienced in the last eight years. Upon becoming the Prime Minister Of Zimbabwe in the Independent era from 1980 Mugabe preached a policy of reconciliation involving members of competing political parties in his early cabinet such as Joshua Nkomo leader of PF ZAPU and other whites who had previously worked under the colonial regime. However these policies were not to last long as from 1983 to 1984 there was a major suppression of Nkomo and his supporters based on what could be defined as ethnic basis. With government setting curfews in Matabeleland here Nkomo’s support base resided which was mainly the Ndebele tribe as opposed to the Shona tribe which Mugabe hailed from. The sending in of the army, in particular the North Korean trained 5th brigade which attempted to supress the â€Å"dissidents† through a campaign of mass violence campaign, known as the Gukuruhundi, or (strong wind) which resulted in as many as 20,000 civilian deaths. This eventually led to Nkomo’s part agreeing to be swallowed by ZANU PF via the signing of the Unity Accord in 1987 thereby making Zimbabwe for all intents and purposes a one party state. This status-quo remained for much of the 90’s with ZANU PF stifling any opposition to its power by amending the constitution following the lapsing of the 1980 Lancaster agreement, restoring corporal and capital punishment and denying recourse to the courts in cases of compulsory purchase of land by the government. Attempts by students trade unionists and workers to protest via demonstrations being curtailed via banning of anti-government protests by the police. This growing swell of antagonism by these various groups culminated in the creation of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in 1999. In 2000 besides the clear voter intimidation of opposition supporters the MDC managed to win 57 of the 120 seats in the parliamentary elections. These effect of these results then coloured the months leading up to the 2002 presidential election where intimidation and violence was rife towards opposition. The outcome of these elections were Mugabe wining by a large margin although international observers did call them to be rigged in the sense that the pre-election environment was neither free nor fair, and the election itself was marred by significant fraud and rigging regional opinion was however mixed. The resulting legal challenge against these results by the MDC by 2004 still did not have a ruling which resulted in the the United States, the EU, and other European countries imposed travel restrictions against senior Zimbabwean officials and embargoed the sale of arms to Zimbabwe. The US and the EU also froze the financial assets of selected ruling party officials. In 2005 the MDC party then spilt into two separate parties with one retaining the MDC name under Welshman Ncube and the other being called MDC-T which was under its founding party leader Morgan Tsvangirai. The acrimonious split occurred over differing views over the party’s participation in the 2005 Senate elections. Tsvangirai’s camp didn’t want to contest these elections on the premise that the MDC had released a statement in 2004 stating that they would not participate in any elections till conditions prevailed for free and fair elections whilst the Ncube led faction was of the opposite opinion. In 2008 the harmonised elections first round the Tsvangirai led MDC was adjudged to have won won 47. % and Mugabe won 43. 2%, thereby necessitating a run-off. These figures however seen by many international observers to have been massaged as the results for the first round of elections took nearly five weeks to be released. The period leading up to the runoff between Mugabe and Tsvangirai saw an unprecedented wave of violence aimed towards supporters of MDC-T, resulting in the death of up to a 100 of Tsvangirai’s supporters leading him to pull out of the election s citing this violence. This resulted in the Government of National Unity (GNU) which was mediated by the Southern African Community Development (SADC) where a power sharing coalition was negotiated between Mugabe, Tsvangirai and Ncube. The GNU was given a life span of five years in which the negotiated terms of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) which govern it where meant to be put into legislature with the hope of putting in systems such as a new constitution that will reform Zimbabwe to the point of having free and fair elections. Implementation of the GPA has however been fraught with disagreement with the pure lack of sincerity on ZANU PF’s part on stalling the reforms such as the repealing of repressive legislature like the Public Order and Security Act (POSA) and Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) which have been used to bar the MDC’s and civil society from holding rallies to simple internal meetings.

Introduction To The Maruti Suzuki India Limited Commerce Essay

Introduction To The Maruti Suzuki India Limited Commerce Essay Maruti Suzuki India Limited (Formally known as Maruti Udyog Ltd) was established in 1981, February 24th. It was organized as a legal corporation beneath the provision of the Indian Companies ACT, 1956 to converge the rising demand of personal transportation by the lack of an efficient public transport system. It is the largest car manufacturing company in India accruing over 50% domestic car market. Suzuki Motor Corporation is the largest manufacture of mini passenger vehicles in Japan. According to Automotive Intelligence, Suzuki is eleventh largest vehicle manufacturing company in the world and fourth in Japan in terms of worldwide sales. The company offered different range of cars from passenger cars to sports cars. From 1982, Maruti Udyog was a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan. They licensed and joint venture agreement had been made between two companies on October, 2 1982. 1 Maruti was also involved in various businesses like manufacturing, sales and purchasing of motor vehicles and parts of automobiles. Other activities of Maruti were facilitation of pre-owned car sales, fleet management and car financing. They have seven subsidiary companies in India are Insurance Business Agency Ltd, Maruti Insurance Distribution Services Ltd, Maruti Insurance agency Solution Ltd, Maruti Insurance Agency Network Ltd, Maruti Insurance Agency services Ltd, Maruti Insurance Agency Logistics Ltd.2 all these were affianced with promotion and selling motor insurance policies to motorcycle owners and the seventh one True Value Solution Ltd were in business of sales of certified pre-owned motorcycles under the brand Maruti True Value. They have four manufacturing units in different areas in Haryana state.3 The first commercial car from the joint venture company was launched in 1983 called Maruti 800 which was very popular. In 1984 they launched Maruti Omni which fits one full size family. In 1985 they introduced Maruti Suzuki Gypsy. In 1997 company exposed to foreign market and imported 500 cars to Hungary. In 1990 they launched three box cars with 1000cc engine; this was the major transformation in the company. In 1992 Suzuki Motor Corporation increased its share value to 50% in Maruti. Later year they launched with Maruti Zen and in 1994 they introduced Maruti Esteem into the market.4 Maruti has inaugurated its second plant in 1995. In 1997, Maruti started Maruti Service Master as model workshop to take care of its sales in India. In 2002, Suzuki Motor Corporation increased the share in Maruti to 54.2%. By 2002 they established 10 finance companies in which 8 of them were finance companies and two were joint ventures. They started a new business strategy for its purchase, sales and trade of old cards is Maruti True Value. With the first worlds strategic model with the help of Suzuki Motor Corporation they launched the SWIFT in 2005.5 Maruti started working on new car plant and the diesel engine facility at Manesar plant, Haryana in 2006-07. They opened a new institute of Driving Training and Research (IDTR) in 2006 is a mutual project with Delhi Government for better Research in the field of automobile. They introduced diesel cars like Swift and SX4 luxury sedam in 2007. Maruti launched Multi Utility Vehicle (MUV) called Grand Vitara stylish, muscular and 5 setter car in 2007. Formerly they changed their name from Maturi Udyog Ltd to Maruti Suzuki India Ltd in 2007. After this they made an joint venture agreement with Magneti Marelli Powertrain SpA, both turned into Magneti Marelli Powertrain India Pvt Ltd and they were manufacturing Electric Control Units for cars. They also went into other joint venture agreement with Futaba Industrial Co Ltd and formed FMI Automotive Compoments Ltd for manufacturing Exhaust System Components. In 2008-09, they introduced a new A2 segment car, A-star in India and in Europe as ne w alto. They also raised their production capacity to 1million cars. In 2008, they launched a dual fuel called Maruti 800 Duo which runs on Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as well as petrol. 6 Report submitted by commission of government in 1982 discloses among the major goals with maruti is to modernization of the Indian automobile industry, Fuel efficient vehicles production, to manufacture huge number of vehicles, gain from foreign technology, and the production of peoples car was suitable for Indian people and the climatic conditions which creates possibility of earning foreign exchange by exporting Maruti products and improving employment by starting new industries in the market. By improving the research in the market is determined by manufacturing of better cars would be in demand in Indian market. The main aim of the Maruti Suzuki production is to take help from Japanese company in its working model, working culture and in Indian industry they mainly focus on hierarchical discrimination, inadequate labor, low labor involved, and labor conflict and low recognition with the company. 7 Maruti Suzuki has created history in automobile industry through going keen on production record in 13 months. It is top number of car manufacturer in Asia, outside Japan and Korea having manufactured about 5 million vehicles by may 2005. It also should a remark as most booming automobile company as joint venture and they keep on making profits since inception till 2000-01. Maturi also produced in service profits on an income of Rs 92.5 billion high reduction on new products that have launched resulted in a book loss. 8 Marutis profit increase to 98% rise in its economic second quarter net profits and they are planning to invest $32.3 million. It is going to improve the Gurgaon factory to northern state of Haryana increasing the facilities to improve 79,000 cars in year. They are trying to modernize its factory to produce cars faster. As the quarterly profit is benefited there is a huge demand from local market as well as international market. 9 Enterprise Architecture issues: Implementation of PLM. Lack of Information Technology. Reinforcing management control. Maruti Implemented Turnaround Strategy. Pricing Strategy followed by Maruti. Maruti care for Customers. Maruti commit to Motorizing India. Relationship with the suppliers and management. Different revenue streams. Importance of Vehicle Maintenance Service Market. Implementation of PLM: Marutis product development aims are, necessitate for short cycle times is necessary all times for the company to be at top position. Marutis management desires to launch new models as earlier as possible and try to decrease the time required for small modifications and expansion of different products. Another aim is to co-development. Main goal of Maruti is to get closer through global team and supplies to come up with new products and stand in the market. Other aim is to reform the method of vehicle localization and improvising quality and reliability. All these aims piercing straight to implement Product lifecycle management (PLM) answer with capabilities for information management, knowledge capture, process management and supporting for global collaboration.10 PLM solution will directly verbalize to Marutis business challenges. Information management potential to solve the issues of different platforms, local variants and export destinations. Process management allows simultaneous improvement and quicker change management and offers a platform for other process improvements to process faster. Knowledge capture improves innovation and at the same time condenses prices by growing part re-use.11 Maruti implemented UGS PLM software as UGS leverages the business value by offering a comple PLM solution according to C. V. Raman, General manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. PLM execution consists of Teamcenter, NX and Tecnomatix software. Teamcenter offers broad range of practicality for release management which includes statements of material management and change management. NX maintains vehicle design which provides advance tools for styling, product design and digital mockup. System based modeling solution of NX make simpler for creating product variants. It is also used for tool design and the development of machining programs. Tecnomatrix software computerizes develops process planning. Maruti has won the Asia Pacific PLM excellence Award for 2006 by UGS Corp, which is a company for providing worldwide provider of product lifecycle management (PLM) software and solutions.12 Implementation of oracle application in HR department: Workforce of maruti has grown quickly and expanded to 5,000 workers all over the India. Maruti rapidly discovered that by incompatible systems to manage human resources is insufficient. They needed a system that runs and maintains their employee details. Executing Oracle Human Resources in the company reported improved its HR functions as recruitment, compensation management, leave management, payroll, competency assessments and staff development. Each employee particulars are accumulated at a solitary database and from where HR department staff can access from the database for complete personal and history of the employees. For example, if a new position is opened they can search the database and find the best match for the opened position. It also helps to find the employee skill levels and training programs for better service and to have better knowledge.13 Maruti organized Oracle Self-Service HR to free HR staff as of basic duties are changing staff address details and to answer doubts regarding payment details and leave entitlements. HR module is either necessary or compulsory requirement for implementing financials of the company, supply chain, CRM or logistics module. Greater part of oracle applications implementations around the globe doesnt have complete HR implementation than functional areas. Increase in the workforce excellence in last years the complete HR implementations are on the rise. There is a huge difference between implementation of complete Oracle HR applications and implementing other non-HR application is different with other modules. Implementing complete HT potentially might require many changes to the core HR setup compared to implementing non-HR applications. The analysis and implementation would impact areas befor planning complete HR implementation in the above applications. Oracle HR applications helps employ ees to update their details and apply for holiday break, checking their payrolls using the system. HR staff liked the Oracle application because it was focused on performance assessment and staff development.14 Lack of Information Technology: There was no ERP vendor that supports the system in India until they decided to automate their operations until 1990. Lack of information technology effect the company a lot as technology is the major issue for any company development. Maruti considered the relative quality of producing vehicles on a random, daily basis through a quality. To improve the quality of the products they introduced different measures like talking with customers and taking surveys and understand the customer problems and solve them. They planned for long term goals for implementing and giving out the best quality to the customers and study their problems and keep on challenging targets for the company. Maruti decided to build the ERP system by itself with a group of 45 qualified engineers and taking help of Oracle consultants and developed different applications are receipts, production, inventory management, sales, invoicing, financial accounting and payrolls. Applications were developed and upgrading was done internally and maintenance and administration part was given outsourcing.15 Maruti was successful with implementing Oracle implementation commencement of deploying oracle database and oracle real application cluster as a stable foundation for its nationwide dealer management system. Oracle E-business helps the company to improve its applications and faster process in production of the precuts helps in oracle implementations, application support outsourcing, customization enhancements, upgrades migrations, DBA support and testing services. Core HR modules will definitely help employees and use other HR functions as a part of installation. Dealer management system is developed by oracle fusion middleware products. Selecting the ERP system in maruti was chosen by oracle because of its excellent performance. They used to work with external companies to maintain and develop oracle solution. Later they decided to work with the vendors to organize and maintain the ERP system.16 Reinforcing management control: The growing business of Maruti in India in another way proved it to be a tough task to manage, with their existing strategy. The policies they utilized were not scalable with the growing business and they had to look for more reliable options. Main problem with using multiple systems and manage finances with lack of control over processing and information quality in the company. Each company follows different workflows and each division in the company will have different procedures for implementing the workflow. They have different data formats which require consolidation and preventing real time access to the company profile of sales and critical statistics. With the help of oracle application maruti regulated single financial management platform. Maruti took control over accounts payable and accounts revenue and gained complete and assisted in the management of all financial information. The tasks like generating reports for management review proved tedious with employees who had t o do this manually. Also their system was designed to use inputs that were similar but did not possess ability to co-ordinate with the other entities, resulting in a redundancy in tasks being performed.17 For Instance when new business units open up and the company needs to make sure their productivity is not affected and the servers need to be managed manually in order to make sure everything is going as expected. This would definitely involve either a change in system, that is more scalable with the growing business and reduce the manual intervention in to the maintenance task. Otherwise its a way of revising their ways of managing.18 Oracle fitted the slot in an appropriate way, which replaced the till then products used by Maruti. Most of them being internal were not a best option, keeping the current business scenario in view as they lacked co-ordination among them and manual intervention was imminent. Maruti wanted this change to be as smooth as possible and hence played the responsibility with Oracle itself which had a specialized consulting domain. The joint decision was made by oracle considering the requirements of Maruti. The decision was focused on the key factors like design; deploy the software involved in the revision of the technology and also the co-ordination of the teams participating in the task. The after transformation support was also a prime factor to consider during the plan was being designed.19 Maruti Implemented Turnaround Strategy: Maruti was the leading automobile company till 1998, having about 84% of the market share. With the rise in competition from local automobile companies like Hindustan Motors, Telco, Mahindra Mahindra and international automobile companies like Daewoo, Toyota, Ford, PAL, GM, Mitsubishi has changed the structure of whole automobile industry in India from the past seven years and led to decrease in profits and market share for Maruti. The organization learning of Maruti was moderately successful; the cost was relatively inexpensive as Maruti had its strong Japanese practices to fall back upon. With the program of organizational redesign, rationalization of cost and enhanced productivity, Maruti bounced back to competition with 50.8% market share and 40% rise in profit. At the same time investment in automobile sector by foreign car manufacturers was allowed by the Indian government and hold majority stakes.20 With the loss of market share and decline in profits, Maruti pioneered strategic acts to redesign itself to face the competition in the Indian market and also to deal with the Indias liberalization process. During its redesign process Maruti consulted AT Kearney McKinsey which are the consultancy firms, and also an OD consultant Dr.Athreya who is internationally reputed for the development of organization and modes of strategy.21 In its redesign process, the strategies followed are: to launch a new model every year satisfying different segments of the market, to decrease cost of production by accomplishing 85-90% indigenization for new models, increasing the dealer network from 150 to 300 focusing on bulk sales to attain its market share back, to reduce number of vendors and introduce competitive bidding. The mission statement of the organization is to come up with new models like fuel efficient vehicle with latest technology. Leader in domestic market and be among global players in the overseas market. Creating customer delight and shareholders wealth. With the redesign process the total production capacity increased to over 3, 70, 000 vehicles per year with the investment of around Rs. 4000 mn for the expansion project. Along with its redesign process, there has been a change in business focus of Maruti. The business focus of Maruti previously when it controlled the largest market share was to sell what we produce. After it began redesign process business focus of whole organization had a shift from production, production and production to marketing and customer focus. 22 Pricing Strategy followed by Maruti: Maruti has a product offering to all segments at all price levels. It offers a car with the price of Rs.1, 87,000.00 which is the lowest offer on road. The repeat buyers who already owned a Maruti car makes its 70% of business. Completion in the Indian passenger car industry is increasing and price emerged as an important factor affecting the purchasing decisions for customer. Maruti has been in the industry for more than two decades hence as a market lease maruti adopted aggressive pricing strategy.23 Maruti focused on promoting and distribution the products in the high competitive market. Maruti classified different innovative promotional strategies. They came up with some interest rates declining from 12% to as low as 8% in automobile finance. Maruti finances a mjor toll to drive up its car sales. For every customer looking for up gradation in his car their pricing strategy provides an option. Their motive of having different product offering is by considering every set of car cus tomers in India. The following is how every price point is covered.24 Maruti care for Customers: Maruti has successfully incorporated customer-friendly approach in its organization culture by getting rid of public-sector laid back image which made it to win five consecutive J D Power CSI Awards proving that its primary focus is on customer satisfaction. Employees also incorporated customer centric attitude following the organization culture. For each customer complain Maruti dealers and employees are responsible. Based on customer feedback there are cases of cancelling dealerships.25 Maruti has started a number of plans in purpose of well customer service. They have even changed their interior of showroom allowing customers to walk minimum in the showroom and there are schedules for customer service times and delivery of vehicles. The Dealer Sales Executive, who is trained on greeting notes, is the first person to interact with the customer of Maruti when he walks into the Maruti showroom. Under CRM department Maruti has a cell to handle customer complaints. Another effort by Maruti is the call center where Maruti can closely interact with its customer. The Market Research department of Maruti studies varying consumer behavior and needs of market. Marutis claim of being customer friendly further strengthens because of seventy percent of repeat buyers. There is a lot of investment and effort involved in developing customer loyalty schemes.26 Maruti commit to Motorizing India: Maruti is now putting efforts in making Indian consumers to switch from two-wheelers to the car without any tedious effort by the consumers thus showing its commitment of motorizing India. The outcome of this effort is in making small town people to buy Maruti cars for Rs. 2599 scheme because of its association with State Bank of India and its Associate Banks and organized finance plans.27 The compact cars, which currently make up 80% of the market is the root of growth for Maruti in the future. Strong economic growth, affordable finance, up gradation in infrastructure, proper framework favors the growth of car customers. The rise in income levels and low penetration levels at 7 per thousand are the favourable things for development automobile industry. Maruti while researching found that rural people had strange opinions in having a car that EMI (Equated monthly installments) ranges between Rs 4,000 and Rs 5,000 and along with it for the car maintenance it would be Rs 1,500-2,000 per month, plus another Rs 1,000 for fuel. Taking their inputs Maruti started working in developing an innovative idea to counter their apprehension. Controlling the fuel bill is in consumer hands where maintenance need not be. Khattar says What the company is doing now is saying how much you spend on fuel is in your hands anyway. As far as the maintenance cost is concerned, if you want it th at way, we will charge a little extra in the EMI and offer free maintenance. Thus Maruti laid another innovation in the automobile industry.28 Relationship with the suppliers and management Marutis top level direction of purchasing organization began development of a corporate wide Supply Management Strategy. The goal of Supply Management Strategy is to ensure that Maruti to provide with the right product, at the right time, with the best quality, for the lowest possible price. He elaborated the difference between the vendor and suppliers. A Vendor is going to provide a product which is already made and that doesnt include any creativity or innovation. Supplier is an opportunity to extend their business within the organizations that brings the new product with innovation and creativity as required for the developing to meet certain requirements to the product development.29 Supply management strategy goal is to shift the organization from a short-term transaction mentality to a long-term focus on supplier relationship. Position of suppliers with production facilities and there integration into Marutis development process was an important part of long-term relationship development. The long-term transaction would not only achieve by purchasing but also to develop new products for the development. Maruti recognized that engineering and manufacturing plays equal role in achieving the vision of a new role for supply management. Top level management argued that a slow and steady approach was necessary to build the enthusiasm and engagement in supply management system. He also thought that this new ways would bring us new technology improvements and involve good strategic thinking to bring the thing perfect at the first time.30 Different revenue streams: Maruti has successfully developed different financial strategies without making huge investments in the form of MDS, N2N, Maruti Insurance and Maruti Finance. These facilitate in providing the customers a hassle free experience and in turn satisfying the customers.31 Maruti Finance: In a market where car sales of more than 80% are financed, Maruti has successfully entered and created a financial strategy for Maruti. This strategy has become a crucial factor in converting a Maruti car sale in certain cases. Finance plays a key role in making decisions for car purchase. Maruti has grouped up with 8 other finance companies to form a consortium. The eight other companies are Citicorp Maruti, Maruti Countrywide, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Kotak Mahindra, Sundaram Finance, Bank of Punjab and IndusInd Bank Ltd. (previously-Ashok Leyland Finance).32 Maruti Insurance: The major concern of car owners is the insurance. Maruti has gathered all car insurance needs under one roof. Maruti has grouped up with National Insurance Company, Bajaj Allianz, New India Assurance and Royal Sundaram to make this service available for its customers. From finding out the most suitable car insurance policy and assisting in claiming insurance hassle-free its the complete responsibility of the dealer. Maruti Insurance makes its service easily available for customers at any Maruti dealer workshop in India to have their cars repaired and processing of insurance claims.33 True Value Initiative to capture used car market: Marutis another important development is its entry into the market of used cars in 2001, allowing customers to exchange their old car with the new one by bringing their vehicle to Maruti True Value outlets and paying the difference with loyal discounts. This helps in building satisfaction and retaining the customers. With Maruti True Value, it filled this gap in making customer trust in Indian used car market. In this highly unorganized and deceptive market where biggest concern in making a car sale is trust, Maruti could achieve this based upon its strength in Indian market. Maruti has developed a system where dealers pick up used cars, improve the condition, issue a new warranty and sell them again. Dealers make all investments for True Value. Maruti has established 172 showrooms across the nation building up a strong network. The used car market is 2-3 times as large as new car market in developed markets having a huge potential i n India.34 N2N: Maintenance of car consumes loads of time, especially if you own a group of automobiles. N2N Fleet Management Solutions by Maruti for companies takes the responsibility of A-Z automobile problems. Services comprise complete solutions across life of the vehicle like Leasing, Maintenance, Convenience services and Remarketing.35 Maruti Driving School (MDS): Maruti has started this in order to achieve the market where there is suppression in buying cars due to lack in car driving skills. This strategy brings such customer to the showroom and potentially learns car driving.36 Importance of Vehicle Maintenance Service Market. In the old days, the companys operations could be boiled down to a simple three-box flowchart. Components came from the vendors to the factory where they were assembled and then sent out to the dealers. In this scheme, you know where the companys revenues come from. The new scheme is more complicated. It revolves around the total lifetime value of a car. Work on this began in 1999, when a MUL team, wondering about new revenue streams, traveled across the world. Says R.S. Kalsi, general manager (new business), MUL: While car companies were moving from products to services, trying to capture more of the total lifetime value of a car, MUL was just making and selling cars. If a buyer spends Rs 100 on a car during its entire life, one-third of that is spent on its purchase. Another third went into fuel. And the final third went into maintenance. Earlier, Maruti was getting only the first one-third of the overall stream.37 As the Indian market matured, customers began to change cars faster. Says Kalsi: So the question was, if a car is going to see three users in, say, a life span of 10 years, So Maruti has changed gears to take a big share of this final one-third spent on maintenance. Maintenance market has a huge market potential. Even after having fifty lakh vehicles on road Maruti is only catering to approximately 20000 vehicles through its service stations every day.38 For this they are conducting free service workshops to encourage consumers to come to their service stations. Maruti has increased its authorized service stations to 1567 across 1036 cities. Every regional office is having a separate services and maintenance department which look after the growth of this revenue stream. 39 Conclusion Marutis vision statement is, its goals consist of continue leadership in the Indian automobile industry, enlarging the shareholders, establish customer pleasure. Maruti has highest level of customer satisfaction consistence for six years according to the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) study. They gave importance for the customers and started many projects for better service. Maruti was ranked top in Indian sales satisfaction study. Maruti Suzuki has a sales network of 307 state-of -the-art showrooms across 189 cities, with a workforce of over 6000 trained sales personnel to guide MUL customers in finding the right car. Maruti Suzuki scored the highest across all 7 parameters: least problems experienced with vehicle serviced, highest service quality, best in-service experience, best service delivery, best service advisor experience, most user-friendly service and best service initiation experience. 92% of Maruti Suzuki owners feel that work gets done right the first time during service. The J.D. Power CSI study 2004 also reveals that 97% of Maruti Suzuki owners would probably recommend the same make of vehicle, while 90% owners would probably repurchase the same make of vehicle. At Maruti Suzuki, customers will find all car related needs met under one roof. Whether it is easy finance, insurance, fleet management services, exchange- Maruti Suzuki is set to provide a single-window solution for all car related needs. The acquisition cost is unfortunately not the only cost customers face when buying a car. Although a car may be affordable to buy, it may not necessarily be affordable to maintain, as some of its regularly used spare parts may be priced quite steeply. Not so in the case of a Maruti Suzuki. It is in the economy segment that the affordability of spares is most competitive, and it is here where Maruti Suzuki shines. The highest satisfaction ratings with regard to cost of ownership among all models are all Maruti Suzuki vehicles: Zen, Wagon R, Esteem, Maruti 800, Alto and Omni. It has introduced the superior 16 * 4 Hypertech engines across the entire Maruti Suzuki range. This new technology harnesses the power of a brainy 16-bit computer to a fuel-efficient 4-valve engine to create optimum engine delivery. This means every Maruti Suzuki owner gets the ideal combination of power and performance from his car. Maruti was also involved in various businesses like manufacturing, sales and purchasing of motor vehicles and parts of automobiles. Other activities of Maruti were facilitation of pre-owned car sales, fleet management and car financing. They have seven subsidiary companies in India are Insurance Business Agency Ltd, Maruti Insurance Distribution Services Ltd, Maruti Insurance agency Solution Ltd, Maruti Insurance Agency Network Ltd, Maruti Insurance Agency services Ltd, Maruti Insurance Agency Logistics Ltd. They also went into other joint venture agreement with Futaba Industrial Co Ltd and formed FMI Automotive Compoments Ltd for manufacturing Exhaust System Components. Marutis profit increase to 98% rise in its economic second quarter net profits and they are planning to invest $32.3 million. Maruti Suzuki has created history in automobile industry through going keen on production record in 13 months. It is top number of car manufacturer in Asia, outside Japan and Korea having manufactured about 5 million vehicles by may 2005. It also should a remark as most booming automobile company as joint venture and they keep on making profits since inception till 2000-01. They are trying to modernize its factory to produce cars faster. As

American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revolution

American Revolution One of the most important facets of any revolution is violence. This is often a response to the heightened repression or other intolerable demands from the government against its people. The American Revolution is no exception. Following the Seven Years War, England need to recover some of their finances which were lost due to the war. Parliament achieved this by the taxation of the American colonies; the Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of this. This act resulted in outrage from the Colonies and led to rioting, rhetoric, and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress. These actions quickly led to the repel of the Stamp Act; however, there were numerous new taxes levied to take their place. The Americans continued to object strongly to these new measures and formed organized political groups such as the Committee of Corresponding and the Sons of Liberty. These groups not only demanded less severe taxes, but Colonial representation in Parliament. When England denied them representation, the Colonists decided to fight their colonizer for political freedom. Making the American Revolution the first anti-colonial, democratic revolution in history. With the battle cry of â€Å" No taxation without representation†, Americans went to war and it is from this violent uproar that the United States of America was born. The â€Å"thirteen† colonies which would later become the Unites States of America were originally colonies of Great Britain. By the time that the American Revolution took place, the citizens of these colonies were beginning to grow weary with Britain’s rule. Rebellion and discontent were rampant.. The main reason for their revolt against England was the taxation issue. The reaction against taxation was often violent and the most powerful and articulate groups in population rose against the taxation. Then in October of 1765, colonial representatives met on their own for the first time and decided to mobilize forces against their Mother country. From this point on, events reached the point of no return for the colonies. In December of 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred as a direct response to the much-hated Tea Act. In 1774, the First Continental Congress met and formed and began to raise issues which would later stimulant local organizations to end their fidelity for England. However, not everyone favored the revolutionary moveme... ... to using arms after a decade of fighting verbally, was because both sides finally became aware that force alone would decide on the issues which divided the empire. In April 1775, the battle of Lexington occurred, closely followed by the battle of Concord. â€Å"These two very important bloodshed served to evoke the sprit of the American patriotism†. The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775 and George Washington was elected commander of the patriotic forces. He along with several other generals would led their men for the defense of America and the freedom she stood for. By early 1776, Americans were ready to denounce any allegiance to the British crown. By spring of the same year, all royal governors had been relieved of office and replaced by America’s makeshift government. The Congress itself expressed sovereign powers. In July 1776, Congress met and adopted the Articles of Confederation. Under the articles, the central government was very weak and the states held most of the power, but it was a solid beginning. After Shay’s Rebellion, the Articles were disowned and the Federal Constitution was written, 1787. It is still the basic law of the United States of America.

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen Essay

Culture and visual entertainment media have an interrelationship with each other such as film and television. As the years go by and more and more television shows and movies have been created they have in my opinion become of a reflection of our cultural times. Society is watching the films and television and seeing that they can relate to what they are watching which then they are able to take away a message. People can see visual instead of having to read to learn which can give them a different perspective that they may not have thought of on their own. As people view the visual entertainment they and see what is being influenced from the way people act, dress, talk, and so forth since it is what is shaping our culture. The Brady Bunch is an example of how families were starting to see that families can merge together and become one family, the outfits and hairstyles were being mimicked by people in everyday life. I remember watching this show thinking how â€Å"cool† is it to have two families merge together. This showed that the social influences of visual entertainment media can be positive. People can still watch visual media that is been out dated but still learn about American culture with such shows. Another example is â€Å"The Breakfast Club† this movie is a classic and still very relevant to how our American culture is shaped. In this movie they look at individuals and show that even though we are from all walks of life such as a jock, nerd, snob, shy, and criminal that we all have similarities in the end if we stop and take a moment to see. I Love Lucy† was a huge influence on visual entertainment people wanted to have the grace, the silliness, and could also see that they lived modestly which made it relate to society. Visual media can be negative as well a positive influence on social behavior. When we view visual entertainment I would say majority want to emulate the celebrities that they are viewing which can be negative or positive depending on that moment. People want to fit in society and with visual entertainment that can shape them in to something different. I remember during the eighty’s all of the shows and movies I watch were all the underdog wins in the end and I felt that this is what I want I want to be the underdog the stand along and befriends with everyone. Guess what I was that person I still am that person as well as I take up for the underdog and befriend everyone as well as treat everyone with respect no matter what. I can thank â€Å"Sixteen Candles, Full House, The Breakfast Club, The Outsiders, and I Love Lucy† were all visual entertainment that made me who I am as well as a lot of others.

A Love Letter †Creative Writing Course

A Love Letter – Creative Writing Course Free Online Research Papers A Love Letter Creative Writing Course Dear Ken,I still remember your attractiveness when I met you for the first time in the classroom 215. You seated yourself, listening attentively to professor. With the smooth hair hanging on your face, you looked like a graceful prince appearing only in fairy tales. You were so brilliant that I could not help but to rivet my attention on you. Ever since the day of our first encounter, I have been impressed with your engaging appearance, and I knew that I have been addicted to you. The first contact I had with you was in an event held for welcoming the frosh. That was an overnight camp. On the first day when I got to the destination I found that you were there. At that time I knew that we were in the same department and I felt a little happy for that. You were one of the staff, setting things in the place we were going to use. I waited for your appearance while the host was introducing all the staff. Then you came in front of the frosh, and the host introduced you to all of us. You were a sophomore and responsible for the implements in this event. In the afternoon we had a period of free time, and I found that you lay down on the ground under the tree. I approached you carefully, glancing at you, and then passed you by. I got confused for the desire that I yearned to kiss you because you were like the sleeping beauty, though you were not a princess but a prince. On the second day there was a primary activity. In this activity, we had to pass through many stages and in each stage we also had to get a piece of paper that was part of the map, which could show where the treasure was buried. In one of the stage, I had to play a game with the master of the stage, and the master was you. Do you remember? We splashed water in turn, but I had only a rag to defend myself. So I got soaked at last. But that’s ok. I was contented when I saw your shining smile. It was the most precious experience in that event. After the event, I wanted to know you, but I didn’t know how to do. Once I went to the gym to play badminton, it was amazing that you were there, too. We both joined the badminton team of our department. At the moment, I really agreed that chance rules our lives. Then, we knew each other. You were a simple, practical, hard-working man. It seemed that you didn’t like to do anything that might waste time. I always saw you having meals by yourself. You liked to act alone so that it would not waste time. But since I knew you, I was delighted that sometimes I could dine out with you and others. That meant at least we were friends, right? One day when I walked on campus, I saw you walked toward me in distance. On seeing you closer and closer, I got so nervous that I turned around to avoid you. At that night, I recalled this event and thought it over. But I still didn’t know why I did it. I was very confused and anxious that why I became so strange. I burst out crying. I even didn’t know why I was crying. Now I know it’s all because of you. From the day I cried, I have fallen in love with you. I know that there is no possibility that you will like me. Nevertheless, I hope we can remain our friendship. Still, I will try to know you more. The more I understand you, the more I will like you. Don’t worry. I don’t want to be your burden and I won’t be. Because I only want your happiness, knowing I can never be yours to share it. Research Papers on A Love Letter - Creative Writing CourseThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductEffects of Television Violence on Children

Notes on the Fourteenth Amendment essays

Notes on the Fourteenth Amendment essays On June 13, 1866, Thaddeus Stevens, the leader of the House of Representatives and the nation's most prominent Radical Republican, addressed his congressional colleagues on the issue of the Fourteenth Amendment. The purpose of this amendment was to secure the fruits of Union victory in the Civil War by guaranteeing equal civil rights for the freed slaves and loyal governments in the South. Stevens had a public career that included the "Slave Power" and for equal rights for black Americans. He refused to sign the state of Pennsylvania's new frame of government because it abrogated the right of the African American to vote, he fought against the expansion of slavery, and during the secession crisis, opposed compromise with the South. Once the Civil War began, he was among the first to advocate the emancipation of slaves and the enrollment of black soldiers. During the era of Reconstruction, he was the most prominent advocate, for example, of distributing land to former slaves so that they might have an economic foundation for their freedom. Stevens gave a speech on June 13 of his political creed. A few moments later, the Fourteenth Amendment was approved by the House with a final vote of 120-32. Three days later, having been approved by the Senate shortly before the House vote, the amendment was sent to the states for ratification. It became a part of the Constitution on July 28, 1868. The Fourteenth Amendment prohibited the states from abridging the equality before the law of American citizens, provided for a reduction in representation in Congress should any state deprive male citizens the right to vote, excluded Confederates who had previously taken a constitutional oath from holding state or federal office, and prohibited payment of the Confederate debt. In May 1865, President Andrew Johnson announced his plan for reuniting the nation, launching the era of presidential Reconstruction. The essentials of his Reconstruction plan a...

Vile and Villain

Vile and Villain Vile and Villain Vile and Villain By Mark Nichol A recent reference to a certain Republican presidential candidate in which he was described as vile sent me to online etymological resources to look up the origin of the term. Interestingly, vile is unrelated to the similar-looking villain. Vile derives from the Latin term vilis, which means â€Å"base,† â€Å"cheap,† â€Å"common,† or â€Å"worthless.† Villain, on the other hand, originally had a neutral connotation: Although it also comes from Latin, its origin is the term villa, meaning â€Å"country house† or â€Å"farm† and still in use for the former meaning in English (from Italian). Villain originally meant â€Å"farmhand,† but from a pejorative reference to the low-born status of rustic farm laborers came to be associated with base behavior and by the early 1800s was associated with an antagonist in a novel or a play. In historical contexts, the variant spelling villein retains the original meaning. (The suffix -ville in the name of a town, and village, are related.) The Old English term ceorl, which survives in churl, also degenerated from a neutral term for a peasant (in this case, centuries earlier), as did the later word boor, derived from the French term bovier (literally, â€Å"herdsman,† and cognate with the Dutch word boer) and also much older in its negative sense than villain. The adjectives churlish and boorish both describe rude behavior; in each case, -ness is added to the adjective to produce the noun form. The verbs revile and vilify stem from vile; they mean, respectively â€Å"to consider with scorn† and â€Å"to slander.† (The noun forms are revilement and vilification.) However, servile and its noun form servility are related to neither vile nor villain; they derive from the Latin term servilis, meaning â€Å"of a slave.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeDriver License vs. Driver’s License50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

High Profile Organizations Including the Police Force, Mining Industry Essay - 1

High Profile Organizations Including the Police Force, Mining Industry, Building Industry - Essay Example According to Schein (2010), organizational culture is one the factors that can affect better organization performance; hence, organizations should change their cultural behaviors in case they want to achieve better performance. Many companies are aware of increasing responsibilities to both employees and the society; thus, they have considered management issues as effective means for achieving their stated objectives. Therefore, organizations employ CSR model, stakeholder engagement strategy, social accountability concepts among others as effective means for monitoring social demands and managing their social response mechanisms. Organizations monitor social demands and manage social response mechanism through various ways. The CRS model is one of the mechanisms organizations employ in order to manage social response mechanism. CSR is a sustainable response model used in many organizations for monitoring an ensuring that the organizations actively comply with the required ethical standards, regulation and international norms. It is a self-regulating mechanism that embraces the responsibilities for the organization’ actions and encourages a positive response from stakeholders, employees and consumers (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2003). Social responsibility is one of the significant themes that organizations give considerable attention. This is through employing various models such as the CSR model for monitoring the responsibilities. The growing attention to organization ethics fits well in the evolution of thinking on the quality services offered to customers. Many companies have employed the CSR as a mode l for creating positive social change in organizations. For instance, the police force employs CSR through integrating corporate governance and other organization theories into various actors, which are driven by moral motives. The aim is to improve the quality of services and enable customers to achieve effective satisfaction. Organization design effective grievances mechanism and  dispute resolution methods through incorporating CSR strategy as one of the organizational management systems.  

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Cherokees Essay

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Cherokees - Essay Example Although considered cruel and unfair by the American Indians, the Indian Removal Act promised security and monetary compensation to the Indians that would be removed, as well as protection from invaders (â€Å"The Removal Act,† 2010). The Cherokees, who were the largest group among the five tribes, were asked to transfer from Georgia to Oklahoma. However, despite the large population of the Cherokees compared to the other Indian Tribes, they were given only the second largest tract of land at 4,420,068 acres, compared to the 4,707,903 acres given to the Chickasaws. However, for the Cherokees, the largest amount at $2,716,979 was given as compensation (Jennings, 1995). In the early 1800’s, particularly in 1828, the Cherokees were not anymore the nomadic savages that they used to be and in fact, had adopted the economic and political lifestyle of the white settlers at that time. The Cherokees owned large plantations and many of them even owned slaves. Moreover, they have already adopted some â€Å"European-style† customs, a representational government, an alphabet known as â€Å"Talking Leaves,† and some were already ranch owners (â€Å"The Trail of Tears,† 1996). It was also around the early 1800’s that Cherokees started owning rights to lands, and this caused several white settlers in Georgia to protest and to propose to the government that â€Å"the Cherokee Nation be moved west of the Mississippi to make room for white settlers† (Jennnings, 1995). Despite various protests of the Cherokees under their Principal Chief John Ross against the Indian Removal Act, some leaders of the Indian tribe secretly signed the Treaty of the New Echota in 1835. The Treaty of Echota â€Å"ceded all rights [of the Cherokees] to their traditional lands to the United States† in exchange for land in the Indian territory west of the Mississippi River (â€Å"Indian Remove,† n.d.). The result was favorable to Jackson and th e national government. He then ordered that the Cherokees be given until 1838 to relocate themselves to Oklahoma. Among the disadvantages of the Indian Removal Act towards the Cherokees included the acts of taking their property, the burning of their houses, the mistreatment of their women, and the selling of their liquor in their churches â€Å"to render them even more helpless† (Zinn). Another disadvantage of the Indian Removal Act to the Cherokees was the deaths of many of them on the Trail of Tears. What followed the Treaty of Echota was the forced removal of around 17,000 Cherokees from their homes in Georgia through a trail leading to Oklahoma. On May 17, 1838, General Winfield Scott of the United States Army arrived at the Cherokee territory with 7,000 soldiers. The Indians were forced to walk through the so-called â€Å"Trail of Tears,† an approximately 800-mile long path that took them ten months or until March1839. This was the place where around 4,000 or 5,0 00 Cherokees died while walking (â€Å"The Trail of Tears,† 1996). They died â€Å"of sickness, of drought, of the heat [and] of exposure† (Zinn). Moreover, they buried around 14 or 15 bodies wherever they stopped (â€Å"Trail of Tears,† 2010). Nevertheless, around 1,000 Cherokees escaped from the Trail of Tears to the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina, and were called the Eastern Band of Cherokee (Jennings, 1995).With 5,000 horses, 600 wagons and an estimated 100 oxen, the Cherokees

Book Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Book Questions - Essay Example They started decoding coded telegraphs, dicing-out captured documents and intercepted mails, and endlessly interrogated their prisoners. The role of intelligence was very vital in the outcome of critical battles. In the absence of the advanced equipment that we have today such as satellite radios, tracking devices and spy cameras, both sides were able to fairly execute their national-level military intelligence service though neither government had any formal training. General Washingtons agents came in different shapes and sizes of men and women. Many of these agents will never be suspected because they were considered to be bandits or outlaws by their neighbors. General Washington done a great job in finding people with best talents in military deception and counterintelligence. Most of all, each was dedicated to the General and the Independence of their country. Espionage ruled over the revolution and without it, the war could have ended in a different way (History of American Int elligence, 2007). The Pueblo revolt can be described as a sudden eruption of a volcano. The underlying causes of the revolt was attributed to their inborn hatred of the Spanish, the love of Pueblos to their ancient way of life, and due to their denigration and prohibition of the traditional religion. The pain-stricken Pueblo natives turned back to their old gods because they were unsatisfied with the protective powers of the the god and church that the Spanish imposed to them. Conflict between the Spanish government and the Franciscans began when the governor issued an order which allowed the native religious rituals. The Franciscans called them â€Å"devil worshipers† and fumed, railed and burned not just Pueblo religious items but the people as well. Peace and harmony were completely vanished. It was a loop of Indians getting hurt, then they would tell the Spanish government that in turn favored them. From the 1660s up to the 1670s, the Pueblo people went through

Reasonable expectation of privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasonable expectation of privacy - Essay Example It is also the starting point of analysis in determining whether or not a violation of the Fourth Amendment has occurred (Jones, 1997). The Constitutional principle reposed in the Fourth Amendment that protects the right to privacy of a citizen against unreasonable searches and seizures is triggered when (1) the citizen has a manifested subjective expectation of privacy, (2) and one that society is willing to accept as objectively reasonable. California v. Greenwood (486 U.S. 35 [1988]). However, the Supreme Court has come up with a long line of cases carving out exceptions to the rule and stating the circumstances where no search occurred as there is no violation of reasonable expectation of privacy. One of the first circumstances is that of â€Å"false friends†. This is embodied in the case of Hoffa v. United States (385 U.S. 293 [1966]), where the defendant had made some disclosures to a person he thought to be a union official, but was in fact a government agent. Hoffa claimed that it was an illegal search and claimed his reasonable expectation of privacy. The argument did not hold, however, as the Supreme Court found that the government agent â€Å"was in the suite by invitation and every conversation which he heard was either directed to him or knowingly carried on in his presence.† (page 302). The second circumstance given by the Supreme Court is abandoned property, meaning that there can be no reasonable expectation of privacy where the evidence has been dumped in a public place and law enforcement agents have managed to retrieve it. A good example is a gun that has been thrown in a garbage bin, and thus leaving it exposed to the general public or to a definite third party. That evidence can be rightly used against him. The third circumstance is physical attributes on display. The courts have held that there cannot possibly be an expectation of privacy when what is sought to be excluded as evidence is physical characteristics that

How can SMEs(small to medium enterprises) survive in the highly Essay

How can SMEs(small to medium enterprises) survive in the highly competitive industries that are participating - Essay Example The SME sector adds to the economic growth of a country through employment generation and overall sustenance of the economy locally, nationally and globally. Therefore, survival of SMEs needs to be discussed with high priority on developing such strategies that help in the growth of SMEs at regional, national and global level. The world economy depends to a significant extent on the success of small and medium business, which necessitates the urgency of making an inquiry into the reasons of collapsing of small and medium business firms. The research question motivates analysis of the issue from different perspectives like what efforts the SME entrepreneurs are making for their survival, what guidance and financial help the governments and banks are providing worldwide for the survival of the SME industry and a number of other survival strategies. Curiosity arises on the causes of not surviving in the market place due to the associated risks. SMEs are not fighting a lone battle against odds; active government support is provided to them as they are the backbone of a country’s economy. This is the reason why so much attention is paid to the growth of SME sector in all industries. In comparison to small business, medium enterprises are in somewhat better position; they accept the challenges but small entrepreneurs’ market position is very critical due to high cost of raw material, energy, inflation and lack of ready finance. Taking the example of Canada where small business represents 98% of all business, the government is playing a leading role in clearing the roadblocks to survival and growth of small business and leaving no stone unturned in its efforts for SMEs survival. The government is promoting SME by celebrating Small Business Week 2009 and introducing Canada’s Economic Action Plan, providing the mechanism to small and medium businesses to come soon out of the repercussion

College Saving Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

College Saving Plan - Essay Example As the paper highlights, it is assumed that Wally who is 17 years old will join college at 18 years and this means that he only have one year to join college. He will also attend college for four years and full time basis. Since there are only four years, the parent will pay 100% of all the projected college costs and wish to meet all the savings goals by the time he completes the studies. The parents will make a monthly contribution towards their son’s college savings. The cost of college education is expected to increase by 3% annual which is the inflation rate. The couple also expects to earn a 9.65% after tax every year in the college saving fund. The current college cost is $25,000 per year. Based on this analysis, 100% of the total college cost will be $107,728which then means a monthly contribution of $2,122. The couple wished to save for the college education of the two children. In this case, 529 plans can be used for the two children. The only difference between the saving for the two children is that the saving for Wally will start only a year to joining college while that of Theodore will start 14 years before he joins college-assuming that the two children will join college at the age of 18. The parents will also have to contribute less in terms of monthly pay for Theodore than for Wally. Based on the above assumptions, 100% of the total college costs for Theodore will be $158, 203 leading to a monthly contribution of $354 aimed at meeting this cost. Since Harvard and UMass-Boston are both based in Massachusetts State, the best 529 plan would be U.Fund College Investing Plan. Â  This saving plan is managed by Fidelity and offers five different individual fund portfolios to choose from with each portfolio corresponding to the age of the beneficiary. It does not require any state residency. With this plan which is based in Massachusetts State, then it means that the savings for the college of the two children will well placed as the finances will be paid to their colleges.

Reasonable expectation of privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasonable expectation of privacy - Essay Example It is also the starting point of analysis in determining whether or not a violation of the Fourth Amendment has occurred (Jones, 1997). The Constitutional principle reposed in the Fourth Amendment that protects the right to privacy of a citizen against unreasonable searches and seizures is triggered when (1) the citizen has a manifested subjective expectation of privacy, (2) and one that society is willing to accept as objectively reasonable. California v. Greenwood (486 U.S. 35 [1988]). However, the Supreme Court has come up with a long line of cases carving out exceptions to the rule and stating the circumstances where no search occurred as there is no violation of reasonable expectation of privacy. One of the first circumstances is that of â€Å"false friends†. This is embodied in the case of Hoffa v. United States (385 U.S. 293 [1966]), where the defendant had made some disclosures to a person he thought to be a union official, but was in fact a government agent. Hoffa claimed that it was an illegal search and claimed his reasonable expectation of privacy. The argument did not hold, however, as the Supreme Court found that the government agent â€Å"was in the suite by invitation and every conversation which he heard was either directed to him or knowingly carried on in his presence.† (page 302). The second circumstance given by the Supreme Court is abandoned property, meaning that there can be no reasonable expectation of privacy where the evidence has been dumped in a public place and law enforcement agents have managed to retrieve it. A good example is a gun that has been thrown in a garbage bin, and thus leaving it exposed to the general public or to a definite third party. That evidence can be rightly used against him. The third circumstance is physical attributes on display. The courts have held that there cannot possibly be an expectation of privacy when what is sought to be excluded as evidence is physical characteristics that

College Saving Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

College Saving Plan - Essay Example As the paper highlights, it is assumed that Wally who is 17 years old will join college at 18 years and this means that he only have one year to join college. He will also attend college for four years and full time basis. Since there are only four years, the parent will pay 100% of all the projected college costs and wish to meet all the savings goals by the time he completes the studies. The parents will make a monthly contribution towards their son’s college savings. The cost of college education is expected to increase by 3% annual which is the inflation rate. The couple also expects to earn a 9.65% after tax every year in the college saving fund. The current college cost is $25,000 per year. Based on this analysis, 100% of the total college cost will be $107,728which then means a monthly contribution of $2,122. The couple wished to save for the college education of the two children. In this case, 529 plans can be used for the two children. The only difference between the saving for the two children is that the saving for Wally will start only a year to joining college while that of Theodore will start 14 years before he joins college-assuming that the two children will join college at the age of 18. The parents will also have to contribute less in terms of monthly pay for Theodore than for Wally. Based on the above assumptions, 100% of the total college costs for Theodore will be $158, 203 leading to a monthly contribution of $354 aimed at meeting this cost. Since Harvard and UMass-Boston are both based in Massachusetts State, the best 529 plan would be U.Fund College Investing Plan. Â  This saving plan is managed by Fidelity and offers five different individual fund portfolios to choose from with each portfolio corresponding to the age of the beneficiary. It does not require any state residency. With this plan which is based in Massachusetts State, then it means that the savings for the college of the two children will well placed as the finances will be paid to their colleges.

Marital Paradigm Essay Example for Free

Marital Paradigm Essay I grew up in a joint family in India, which had 3 married couple and their kids. Marital relationships that I saw in my family were not great but not bad either. All the men used to work in the family business and the women used to take care of the children and the house. Many times my parents used to fight and my dad used to scream at my mom, but my mom never had the guts to say anything to him. I always saw that my mom was scared of him and I used to question myself why doesn’t she reply back. And being a girl myself I used to think that probably girls cant say anything when theirs husband are screaming at them. I used to talk to my mom and tell her why cant she reply back, but I never really got an answer. I always saw my mom as the weaker one in the relationship. On the other hand we had a family friend and both husband wife used to work as college professors. In their house the husband never screamed at the wife, I am sure they had conflicts but you could totally see the respect that he gave to his wife. When I grew a little bit older my mom started telling me how she felt. That was when she told me that she was a housewife and my dad was the one who earned in the family and thus he could talk like that to my mom. My dad always dominated her as he is the man of the family and is the one responsible for all the decisions of the family. And this was not only my parents I 4saw this trend throughout my family with the other two couples as well. Certain assumptions that I saw in the relationships were that even if it was my dad’s fault, my mom always had to be the first one to apologize. Also since my mom is eight years younger than my dad I saw that my dad didn’t really understand her and took her for granted at times. Bring the older one he tried to impose certain things on her. I also saw that if I tried to calm down my dad he didn’t like it as I was a child and I should not be involved in their matters. This training has had a lot of impact on my relationships. As I always saw my mom being dominated by my dad, I didn’t want that to happen with me. When I grew up I had certain things very clear in my mind. I wanted to be educated enough so that I can earn myself and have a good job, so I never dependent on my husband for anything. For that reason I came to USA and decided to study here. In my past relationships, I made it very clear to my artners that my career is more important than anything in my life and I wouldn’t leave it for anyone. I was also very clear about anyone screaming at me. Since I saw my mom always being screamed at and I always hated it. Also I have certain things straight for my future. I want my husband to understand that I will not stop working and be a housewife, so that later I have to dependent on him. I want him to respect my decisions and me. Many times I have seen that the women of the house are not asked to contribute in family matters, and I think that is not right at all. So I want to have a relationship where we both contribute in the family matters and come to a conclusion together. I am not yet married but I think the things I have in mind for my marital relationship are very clear. According to the book women still do two-third of the household work. I think if women can earn like men do, then men should work the same like women. I think my idea of marriage is based on a simple rule, which is to give the amount of resect you get. And I think it is pretty healthy because if two people cannot respect each other for what they are then they cannot be together for long. Moreover I have been taught marriage is not only about two people, but it is about two families that get together. And I expect my husband to respect and get along with my family as being the only child I think my parents are my responsibility and will always be. Thus whoever marries me has to understand the importance of my parents in my life, and on the other hand I want to be comfortable with his family too. I also feel that at times girls tend to be too clingy with their partners, and I think that is one reason why guys get irritated. Therefore I would like to give space to my husband when he needs and expect the same from him. Some people might think that this is being stupid but I know I wouldn’t like if my husband gets over protective about me, and the same way I don’t want to be over protective about him. I know it’s not easy to be with a person like me who is over ambitious. And at times it can be a problem for guys to see the girl so much into her work, and for me my career has always been more important than anything. I think this can be a problem when I get married, because at times it has been a problem for my boyfriends to understand my passion about my work. This is something I want to work on as most of the times guys don’t understand this. Also I like the idea of peer marriage as in a marriage where both people respect each other equally and understand each other’s likes and dislikes it becomes easier to be together. According to the book faithfulness is the number one reason for marital success. And I totally agree with this, even if the physical relationship between two people is not that good, if they both are faithful to each other nothing can separate them. My parents have not only taught me to be faithful but I also have seen this in their relationship. Even though my father was dominating my mother, they are still together. This is because no one of them was unfaithful to the other. Also I think from a few years the fights between my parents reduced I think this happened because they saw that I am a grown up now and all this might affect my thoughts about marriage. Children are a big reason why two people stay together even if they don’t want to. But I think that’s not right. I don’t want my husband to be with me just because of our children, because that’s doing a favor to our relationship. I would like us to be together because we make each other happy not because of a third reason. I am brought up in a culture where non-marital sex is not accepted. And these values are embedded inside me. I know now a days girls have sex when they are 14 years of age, but I am 21 years old and I am still a virgin. Being in USA and telling your boyfriend that you wont have sex with him because of your culture is not easy. Many times people judge my beliefs but that has not affected me at all. I want my husband to respect my beliefs and understand where I am coming from. Because for me a relationship is not only about getting physical, there is a lot more to it, and what I have heard and seen around me is that guys only want to get physical. I know according to the book sex is the second reason why marriages work. But for me it is not. I am not against sex at all, but I don’t want my marriage to be dependent on it. Book talks about homogamous marriage, which is a type of marriage in which spouses share their race, ethnicity, age, or social class. Basically a marriage where the two people have something in common. Obviously my parents want me to get married to a guy from the same caste and I agree with them. Because I think if the guy is familiar with my religion, my caste, and my society there is better change of understanding between both of us. In a nutshell I want a marriage where we both can share our happiness, and problems with each other without any problem. A relationship where I get the same respect that I give to the other person.

Effective Management Action Plan

Effective Management Action Plan The report aims to help understand distinct management competencies skills possessed and develop an Action Plan for effective management by taking the Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) test located in Carlopio and Andrewarthas textbook Developing management skills: A comprehensive guide for leaders, (2012). A 6 choice Likert scale questionnaire of PAMS test helped in determining the strengths and weakness associated with each of the skills. To triangulate the analysis of competent skills, feedback from manager, co-worker and friend also assisted in final decision-making process. The following graph represents the results of PAMS, which helped me and the mentors to rate my skills and decide to describe the two competencies, which need to be focussed.   Ã‚   In assessing self-awareness competency, I scored 68% comparatively lower than other competency skills. It wasnt that I in sighted it as a weakness but due to the importance of skill in day to day life I wish to focus on improving it further since it determines emotional intelligence which relates to being smart, healthy and contented. The good was that I did reflect on incidents and tried to analyse shortcomings but the barrier was an image created whenever things went wrong and was not ready to accept wrong things and the same was hindering my personal growth. This was a major issue where everyone wanted me to work build self-confidence and inculcate positive sense of self-worth. 1) LITERATURE REVIEW: Self-awareness is the ability to read and understand our emotions as well as recognise the impact on work-performance relationship. Self-awareness is crucial for productive interpersonal and personal functioning as it helps to understand and empathise people. It helps to acquire knowledge about underlying dimensions of personality and is associated with human behavioural skills of work performance, problem solving, creativity, motivation and life satisfaction (Goleman (1998b: 14)). The five core aspects of self-awareness are Emotional Intelligence, Values, Cognitive Style, Attitude towards Change and Interpersonal Style, which capture all the essential aspects of personality (Allan Waclawski 1999; Atwater Yammarino 1992; Goleman 1998a, 1998b; Parker Kram 1993; Sosik Megerian 1999). Hence being self-aware is being smart, knowing and well managing feelings, utilizing them to make good decisions, motivating with zeal and persistence, maintaining hope in face of frustration, exhibiti ng empathy and compassion, interacting smoothly and maintaining relationships in all walks of life. (Goleman (1998b: 14)) 2) SKILL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY: My deficiencies rooted from the fact I was quick in assuming things in which sometimes I missed on facts and was rigid of my judgement. So to develop the shortcomings not being judgemental after things do not work out and moving on accepting things and change is on priority in my to do list. In addition, the focus was to ensure all the facts and never assume things and take a quick decision based on incomplete assumptions. I started maintaining a reflective journal for the whole semester and would describe the situations and improvements, discuss them with my mentors to achieve long-term strategic improvement. 3) ASSESSMENT OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT: During the final week of the semester I would again complete the evaluative surveys on Self Awareness in Carlopio and Andrewarthas textbook Developing management skills: A comprehensive guide for leaders, (2012), page 124 and believe that there would be a significant improvement in my scores reflecting that issues of being rigid and over judgemental have been ameliorated. Building effective teams is a group competency and I feel the need to master the skill since I aspire to become a successful Project Manager. The score for this skill from PAMS test by individual assessment was 70%, whereas peers and mentors graded around 74%. One of the reasons being, in case of difficult team members I usually end up taking their tasks and completing on time. However, gradually have realised to have a group mindset and encourage member contribution by group inspiration and motivation. 1) LITERATURE REVIEW: Paying attention to conflict situations (Bakken, E. (2007)) and making sure it resolves within the meeting and implementing four Ps of effective meeting for preparing and conducting meeting, before every group assignment meeting (Carlopio, J., Andrewartha, G. (2008)). Purpose: The reason for organizing a meeting should by clearly communicated amongst team members by circulating meeting agenda, which will help team members come, prepared for meeting. Participants: Depending on the purpose of meeting the right number of people and type of participants (homogeneous- heterogeneous, competition- cooperation, task process are invited. Planning: To ensure that the meeting is productive and efficient, everyone should be prepared for the meeting agenda, which is well structured as per the common rule and leads to final decision. Process: Process is defined as actual conduct of meetings with seven steps stated as follows: 1) Review 2) Introduction 3) Discussion of Ground Rules 4) Report 5) Display 6) Participation 7) Summarise. 2) SKILL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY: I plan to maintain a diary on daily basis. After team allocations, I will then analyse my actions during the task by writing down and reflect on these five questions; How successful was the building an efficient team from my point of view? How did the others respond to mine team-building decisions? Was there any conflict? What modifications can I make next time according to own feelings and from the feedback of my co-workers? In what ways can I contribute to make my team better at work? How can I improve my interpersonal relationships with difficult team members, which could be by analysing their attitude in order to encourage them to participate? Also need to follow the 4 Ps principle to ensure active participation of each team member, no stress to anyone in team, motivate the team to achieve goals and effectively allocate teammates by identifying the strengths and weakness and assuring that teams are competent to work virtually as well as in office. 3) ASSESSMENT OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT: During this semester, I have a chance to be a part of team and would do my best to be an efficient team player as well as be chosen to lead by vote. This will inculcate in me a sense of confidence to build effective teams for future work. Also would take the evaluative assessment again to ensure team-building skills have been significantly improved. (Allan Waclawski 1999; Atwater Yammarino 1992; Goleman 1998a, 1998b; Parker Kram 1993; Sosik Megerian 1999). Bakken, E. (2007). Twelve ways to build an effective team. Ceridan Corporation. Carlopio, J. Andrewartha, G, 2012.   Developing Management Skills: A comprehensive guide for leaders. Pearson Australia Goleman (1998b: 14)

The Individual Versus Society in Kerouac and Ginsberg Essay -- Allen G

The Individual Versus Society in Kerouac and Ginsberg    One theme that is prevalent throughout much of the literature we have covered so far is that it is very critical of the conformist values of late 1950s society. In an era of Levittowns and supermarkets and the omnipresent television, there was a call to leave the conformist suburban culture in search of something higher. Two major proponents of the individual as opposed to society were Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, two of the central figures in the Beat movement. Through their work one can gain a perspective on the anti-conformity spirit that was brewing under the surface in the Beat culture. The Dharma Bums, by Jack Kerouac, tells us through the mouth of Ray Smith about his time with Japhy the Zen Lunatic. His narrative depicts a critique of modern culture, with its demands, expectations, and plastic rewards. Even the title of the book suggests this, as the Buddhist word Dharma means one's niche, or spiritual duty in the universe. Thus a Dharma Bum would be one whose natural place in the world, where he rightly belongs, is living the life of a transient. In other words, Kerouac is saying that there is no shame in a life which is outside of the normal realm of society, if this is where one's life takes them. One central theme of The Dharma Bums is Buddhism. One of the most important things to note about the religion in this book is the two forms it takes, and the significance these forms have on the plot and meaning of the book. Ray Smith is a neophyte in the school of Theraveda Buddhism, which is a school dedicated to movement towards enlightenment. Under the teaching of the Theraveda canon, everything a person does should be done with the end goal of perso... ...the top of the mountain and climbing still higher. However, Ginsberg sees desolation and the decay of our society into a homogenous, conformist slop. The reason for this difference could be attributed to their particular situations; while both were climbing higher and higher both in the Beat circles and in the literary world, Ginsberg was still confronting his own sexuality and past. At any rate, however, it becomes clear through the readings of these poets that both were proponents of the individual, and that both condemned conformity. By the late 1950s, the main question on the minds of these men would be whether we could rise above the "faceless wonderless crapulous civilization." Works Cited Allen, Donald, ed. The New American Poetry 1945-1960. Berkely, CA.: U. of California P., 1999. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: The Penguin Group, 1976.

Beach Boys :: essays research papers

I'm gettin' bugged driving up and down the same old strip, I gotta finda new place where the kids are hip, My buddies and me are getting real well known, Yeah, the bad guys know us and they leave us alone. I Get Around was a number on hit in May of 1964. This was the first of many Beach Boys number of hits. Brian, Carl, and Dennis Wilson were the original founders of the Beach Boys, with them were Mike Love, one of their cousins, and Al Jardine, who was one of Brians’ friends. When the Beach Boys started in 1961, no one expected their music to leave its hometown, Hawthorne, California. In October of 1962, however, the Beach Boys released their first album, "Surfin' Safari." Two years later, in May of 1964, the Beach Boys had their first number on hit with, "I Get Around." On August first of the same year, the Beach Boys had their first concert at the Memorial Coliseum in Sacramento, California. From there, the Beach Boys ratings went up dramatically. As with almost any other boy band today, girls from all over the world swooned over each and every one of the members of the Beach Boys. As for the world young men, they idolized the Beach Boys, not only because they had a carefree life style, but also because all of the girls wanted them. Not only that, the Beach Boys gave of the appearance that surfers got the girls. This created a large spark of interest in surfing, making it a popular pastime. There were two main reasons parents did not like the Beach Boys. First of all, they did not like the idea of girls running around in bikini's all of the time. Secondly, parents were not too thrilled by the idea of their children idolizing people who would often get drunk on stage. Other bands were often trying to be one step higher than the Beach Boys. For bands, it was just more competition, something no one needs any more of. Today, however, other bands look up to the beach boys. They created their own type of music, a mixture of pop and rock. They very well may have created the first pop-rock mix of all time. The Beach Boys did become quite successful, with hundreds of songs, many of them hits, and dozens of albums. Even though the Beach Boys were successful, they had their own fair share of troubles.

One Tongue, Brotherhood and Equality

One Tongue, Brotherhood and Equality Language plays a vital role in shaping and constructing any society, community and also country. Not every country around the world has the same language, but English is considered as the most used international language. That is why in countries where English is not their national language, it is taught as a second language. English is so diverse and developed that, even within English speaking countries, there are sometimes more than a few hundred ways the same English is spoken: different states in the United States use different vocabulary to describe the same things, they have their own different accents and their own phrases and idioms. This is where the various conflicts start taking place: This having diversity within the same language within a country creates a big gap between people from different regions. How can the residents of a country stand united in better or worse if within the same country the residents cannot even agree upon speaking one language in one particular dialect? Having one official language is like a bridge way between people from different nations, colors, ethnicities, and it tells that in spite of all the difference that there is among these people one thing is really common among them: The way they speak. It creates an invisible bond between these people and binds them in the tie of brotherhood. This is exactly what Kawame Appiah talks about in his essay â€Å"The Primacy of Practice†, when he mentions â€Å"cosmopolitanism. † Accepting different nations from around the world and within one’s own country with their variations and differences is what true cosmopolitanism is all about. English is a very diverse and lucid language which has derived numerous words from Sanskrit, Arabic, Spanish, French, German and many others. Leslie Savan in her essay â€Å"What’s Black, Then White and Said All Over† points out how â€Å"Black English† plays a major role in forming English. But even though Black English is so influential in forming the modern English that we speak today, it is not above criticism. Black English is mostly considered â€Å"ghetto† and an unsophisticated way of regular English. This division between languages creates gaps between communities of people within the same country which leads to one group of people feeling inferior to the others. This division and difference can only be solved if there was an official language that everybody speaks in. This will not only solve the problems that arise because of differences between various groups of people but will also create a tighter bond between everyone. And since United States is such a big country with a high population, it is necessary for this country to have a declared official language. Known as â€Å"the country of opportunities† and â€Å"the center of melting pot† United States is the home to millions of immigrants. Some of these immigrants do not speak English, but are still leading their lives here. Not knowing English proves to be a barrier for them and they face the difficulty of leading life without knowing it almost everyday. Since English is the de facto language of the United States, it is English that is mostly used as the most common way of conversation. Besides, all the official documentation, legal paper, bills and important papers are all written in English. This comes off as a great barrier for people who do not speak English or are not fluent in it. They always need an interpreter to explain things to them. This interpreter is often their neighbor, or a relative who knows English, or their school going children who know English. It not only makes things more problematic than they have to be, but also wastes time and energy on both sides. Even though translation in Spanish and Creole are usually given with a lot of official documentations now-a-days, it does not solve the bigger problems in the picture. Not knowing English limits people from communicating freely and openly; it hinders them from interacting and limits life choices for them. Since English is world popular and considered to be the international language, its value and importance is felt almost everywhere in the world and its impact can be seen in many people’s lives. For people living in the United States and other English speaking countries, its importance is felt at a higher rate than it is in other countries. Lives are really not so simple for people who do not know English in spite of living in America. One drawback of it is that, without knowing English hardly anyone in the United States can land on a white-collar job. No job or work is considered to be lower than the other and is as respectful as the profession of a doctor or teacher, but it is common for most people to wish to have a white-collar job and be in a real office. (And today’s society is set in a way which makes people feel that way. ) To be factual, not having some kind of intellectual job limits people from improvising their lives. They feel that they could provide better for their children and themselves if they were something other than non-English speaking miners or laborers. Besides a lot of people who used to have high-collar jobs in their native countries and live in the United States but do not know English go through mental depression when they find out they need to do â€Å"odd jobs† to take care of their families. This is when they give up and do not even try learning English thinking it is never going to be worth it and that it is too hard. Besides they think that, since America is such a multi-cultured country with diversity in people, ethnicities and (in this case most importantly) languages, they will not have trouble leading their lives. Not knowing English might be a barrier to them sometimes, but it is also true that, this definitely does not stop their lives. Even than there are a lot of things missing from their lives: The feeling of loss at knowing that they could provide a better future for their children if they had known English and got a better job; the feeling of being a burden on someone for relying upon them to translate for them; or feeling like a handicap at a social gathering where most people are speaking English and that they cannot participate, are some things that nobody wants in their lives. But in case English was declared to be the official language of the United States, these non-English speakers would be bound to learn it no matter what. As a result in the long run, all the above mentioned problems would be solved. Even if it might be hard for them in the beginning and seem like an extra botheration, eventually it will proof to be beneficiary for them. This will not only solve social problems but will fix a lot of the national problems too. Unlike a lot of countries around the world, United States government wants all its residents to participate in civics and politics. Residents who participate in working for the betterment of their country, who participate in general discussion about their country’s future are assets for the country. Residents, who know what is going on in the politics; who know about not just their rights, but also about duties towards their country are what makes the country run smoothly and helps it flourish. But for a lot of people not knowing English s stopping them from civics participation and they think there is no real need to learn English anyway. If English was the declared official language, no matter how hard anyone finds it, they will need to learn it if they wanted to live in the United States. It might seem unfair towards them since, â€Å"we have shared horizons of meaning, because these are debates between people who share so many other values and so much else in the way of belief and of habit, that they are as sharp and as painful as they are. † (Appiah 70). It is natural to feel one’s own way of speaking and native language is superior to any other languages. And logically speaking if any language was chosen as the official language for America, it would be English. But due to this people who speak other languages and not English will automatically feel left out and deprived. They might even feel that since they are the minority group, the American government does not really care about their emotions. But if they knew English and participated in civics they will find out that, they are benefitted more than the government. A lot of frauds, cheatings, money laundering, identity theft, property loss and crimes of other sorts take place with people who cannot communicate properly. For not knowing English, a lot of the people do not know about their rights, the benefits that they can get from their country and states or how to seek help in the time of need. Due to that, when immigrants become the victims of crimes, knowing proper English is often the case that could have helped prevent the crime. This is a vital reason why a country needs to have a declared official language which everybody will be obliged to learn. It is more beneficial towards the residents than it is for the government. Language is very changeable. It does take a lot of time to change a language which has been established as a well developed grammatical form of communication, (such as English) and also for such a long period of time. But changes do occur and these changes are within most people’s viewpoints only if they are willing to see. Looking at the different states within the United States, listening to the diverse way of people expressing their thoughts using totally different vocabulary is just a small way of showing that a language can even alter within its own territorial boundary. One word which is common to one particular state becomes foreign to another state and â€Å"Origins tend to get lost in the roaring mainstream. † (Savan 368). But not all changes are for the betterment of people. Language is like an identity which binds age old traditions and speaks of a country’s history. It is a way to hold up uniqueness of one’s own country. For example, Bangladesh had its war of liberation that was mainly based on its language movement. The people of Bangladesh could not tolerate when the Pakistani government tried to force Bangladeshi people to give up their national and mother language Bengali and make Urdu their declared national language. But this hurt the Bangladeshi people’s feelings: they did not want to give up their freedom, because to them their country’s language was a symbol of freedom and identity, which to many people are the biggest and most valuable assets. Now-a-days, a lot of English words are lost with the pace of time but this language is the symbol of freedom, virtue and of American dream, unity and nationalism, like the language Bengali is to the Bangladeshis. To hold the uniqueness of the American history, to stick with its age old liberty and freedom, it is important to make English, which was the founding fathers’ language, make the official national language of the United States. United States of America has been thriving with its mixed cultures, millions of different races and ethnicities from all around the world and hundreds of different languages. But in spite of thriving economically and politically there seems to be a difference that is too obvious to go unnoticed. This difference can be less of a discrimination if there was one language everybody used. It will make people think equally of each other since â€Å"there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus [. ]† (Appiah 58) and help them realize that even if there are such drastic differences in the way of lives of most people they are really not so different from each other after all.